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TypeScript is second surpassing Python compared to last year. We can demonstrate the effect of our survey sample on our results, both in direction and magnitude.ДЇor five years running, Rust has taken the top spot as the most loved programming language. The reason we're using this specific example of weighting here is that it is one where we know we have systemic sampling issues and we have an estimate about the expected population proportion. We know there are more ways in which our survey sample doesn't match the underlying population of developers than only gender (including frequency of use of Stack Overflow), and the United States is not the only country for which we expect such a mismatch. When we use weighting, we see small increases in the representation of developer roles that have the most representation from women, like Data Scientists and Academic Researchers, and decreases in others with low representation from women, like DevOps. We know that there is a difference in developer type representation by gender, so let's compare the overall proportions in our raw results for the United States with weighted proportions, assuming that we undersampled gender minorities at the rate indicated by the BLS report. We can use survey weighting to adjust for the mismatch between our survey sample and the population of developers.

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For example, in our survey this year, 12% of US respondents identify as women, but data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that women's participation in the software developer workforce is about twice that, more like 20%. Survey weighting is an approach used to analyze survey data when the survey sample doesn't match the underlying population well. Pairs that are highly correlated include database administrator and system administrator, DevOps specialist and site reliability engineer, academic researcher and scientist, and designer and front-end developer. The median number of developer type identifications per respondent this year is three, and the most common combinations include back-end, front-end, and full-stack developer. We look forward to seeing what you find-if you share on social media, be sure to tag us!ДЄbout 55% of respondents identify as full-stack developers, and about 20% consider themselves mobile developers.

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Please keep the timing of the survey in mind when reviewing information such as job and salary data.ДЇinally, for those who want to dive into the results yourself, the anonymized results of the survey are available for download under the Open Database License (ODbL). We also need to point out that this yearвЂ™s survey was taken in February, before COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and before the virus impacted every country in the world. Also be sure to check out the topics that were new to this yearвЂ™s survey, like questions regarding DevOps and working overtime. Look for the icon to see where demographics have an interesting impact. Working with the data at hand, we broke down our analysis by demographics where applicable. Look for this icon, which highlights differences between developer demographics. We acknowledge that we have a lot of work to do, and the data we obtain in our annual survey helps us make changes and set goals to improve the welcomeness and inclusiveness of our community. Similarly, we saw a slight increase in female-gendered respondents, while non-binary, genderqueer, or non-conforming remained the same. There was an uptick in some race and ethnicity groups, notably those of Hispanic or Latino/a/x and Black or of African descent, while other races and ethnicities remained similar or decreased.

While we saw a lift in underrepresented groups, the difference in representation isnвЂ™t as large as we had hoped.

This approach included social promotion and outreach to underrepresented coders. In our efforts to reach beyond the Stack Overflow network and seek representation from a greater diversity of coders, we advertised the survey less on our own channels than in previous years and sought ways to earn responses from those who may not frequent our sites. This yearвЂ™s survey was taken by nearly 65,000 people. This year, rather than aiming to be the biggest, we set out to make our survey more representative of the diversity of programmers worldwide.

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This year, we focused on seeking diverse representation while asking for information ranging from technologies and behavior to questions that will help us improve the Stack Overflow community for everybody who codes.ДЇor almost a decade, Stack OverflowвЂ™s annual Developer Survey held the honor of being the largest survey of people who code around the world.

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